To Kill A Mockingbird Reader Response Essay Example for Free

To Kill A Mockingbird Reader Response Essay Harper Lee’s book, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† is, in my opinion, a book with a diverse collection of messages, skillfully woven into an interesting and engaging story. It seems to me, though, that the book is very focused on symbolism. The symbol of mockingbirds is reoccurring in the book. It appears in the title, it is suggested in various characters and situations, and in parts of the book it is stated explicitly. For example, on page 90, Atticus told Scout and Jem, â€Å"Remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird. † Scout didn’t understand this, and so she asked Miss Maudie about it. She responded, â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, they don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us.† From these parts of the book, we learn that mockingbirds are innocent; it is a sin to hurt or injure them. I think that the symbolism of mockingbirds extends to humans also. They represent the innocent ones who are injured by evil. For example, I think that Tom Robinson is a prime example of a mockingbird that was killed. He was innocent; he was a good guy who didn’t hurt anybody. However, because of prejudice, he was accused of a capital offence. He was convicted by a prejudiced jury and sentenced to death. With all his hope gone, he made a crazed attempt to escape his prison, but was shot dead. Clearly, the author is telling us here that Tom shouldn’t have died. It was a sin to kill him. He shouldn’t have been convicted because he didn’t do anything. Boo Radley, however, is an example of Mimidà ¦n symbolism that was not killed, but nearly was. He led a reclusive life, but he was a kind person. He gave gifts to Scout and Jem, and even patched up Jem’s pants. However, his greatest moment in the book was when he saved Scout and Jem from Bob Ewell. Without Boo, Scout and Jem would have ended up dead. However, even though Scout and Jem were saved, Mr. Ewell was not so lucky. When Atticus heard about all this, he was presented with a serious moral situation. He didn’t really know what to do about Boo. Boo had almost definitely murdered Mr. Ewell, but Mr. Ewell had nearly murdered two children. At first Atticus was convinced that Boo should go to court. In Atticus’s mind, not sending Boo to  court would be hypocrisy. As he stated on page 274, â€Å"I can’t live one way in town and another in my home.† The choice boiled down to this: if Boo went to court, justice would be carried out, but an innocent life might be destroyed. If Boo didn’t go to court, Atticus would be a hypocrite. Atticus was confronted with this problem, but Heck Tate and Scout convinced him that it a greater sin to kill a mockingbird. As Scout said on page 276, â€Å"[sending Boo to court would] be sort of like shootin’ a mockingbird.† Eventually, Atticus decided that it would be better to save Boo. Here, the author is telling us that killing a mockingbird, or hurting an innocent person, is wrong, more so than most things that a person can do. â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is†¦ It’s when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. Ms. Dubose won†¦ She was the bravest person I ever knew.† Atticus told this to Scout and Jem to help them understand what real courage was. According to Atticus, real courage is when you keep on trying to do what you think is right, even if you’re almost certain to lose. When I was reading about courage and Ms. Dubose, I was reminded of Homer’s â€Å"The Iliad.† The main character of the Iliad, Achilles, was a nearly invincible Achaean hero who possessed the same refusal to change his views as Ms. Dubose. In Homer’s book, the king of the Achaeans had wronged Achilles, and so he decided not to fight in the war. He kept this totally fixed resolve for most of the book. In the Iliad, Homer even compared Achilles’ total refusal to change his opinions, based on what others thought, to how the Greek gods behaved. In the book, for example, Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite each believed that they were the most beautiful goddess. Rather than make a compromise, they eventually started the Trojan war because of this dispute, and fought each other over something so seemingly insignificant. For example, in one part of the Iliad, Athena and Aphrodite were each helping opposing sides in the war. Athena was helping the Achaean hero Diomedes, and so she had him throw a spear at Aphrodite. The spear went right through Aphrodite’s wrist, injuring her, and gave the Achaeans a small victory in the battle. Ironically, thousands of Achaean and Trojan lives were lost because of a dispute between three goddesses. The goddesses did not care how many mortals were killed because of their  dispute, just as Achilles didn’t care that the Achaeans might lose the war because of his decisions. Similarly, Ms. Dubose would not change her views for anything. This is what Atticus described as real courage. According to the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, prejudice is, â€Å"preconceived judgment or opinion.† Prejudice is also a major theme in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird.† For example, while in court Atticus referred to, â€Å"the evil assumption that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are immoral, that all Negroes are not to be trusted around women.† According to Atticus, people with minds like Mr. Ewell had these assumptions, and Mr. Ewell was counting on the jury being the same. For most of the trial though, Mr. Ewell’s attempts to win over the jury with such an extreme assumption were a total failure. Atticus had solid evidence and Mr. Ewell had nothing. As Atticus put it, â€Å"[The state] has relied instead upon the testimony of two witnesses whose evidence has not only been called into serious question on cross-examination, but has been flatly contradicted by the defendant.† However, Tom Robinson didn’t win the trial. Somet hing happened that caused the jury to turn against him. This event happened on page 197, when Tom said, â€Å"I felt right sorry for her.† The people in the jury were uncomfortable with this answer, as alluded to on the same page. I think that this was because they believed black people to be subhuman. They thought that black people, such as Tom Robinson, had a limited capacity to feel human emotions, especially for someone who was supposedly higher than them in society. Atticus though, a firm believer in equality, called Tom’s feelings for Miss Ewell, â€Å"unmitigated temerity† (page 204). The jury was not prejudiced enough to assume that all black people were born criminals, but they did feel that a black person could not feel sorry for a white person. Somehow, Tom’s one statement of temerity jeopardized all of Atticus’s evidence. To the jury, Tom was guilty. Of course, prejudice in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† also occurred on a less dramatic level. Maycomb itself was divided into different social groups. For example, in chapter 23, Scout thought that it would be nice to invite Walter Cunningham over for dinner. However, Aunt Alexandra forbade this, on the grounds that Walter was somehow not as good as the Finches. Jem summed up  Maycomb’s social hierarchy on page 226 when he stated, â€Å"Our kind of folks don’t like the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams don’t like the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and despise the colored folk.† Scout, however, didn’t quite agree with this system. She believed that all folks were equal. I think that by showing us the prejudice in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† the author is telling us that all labels are wrong. For example, Scout thought that Walter was a nice person, but society disagreed. Tom Robinson was a respectable man, but because he was black and admitted to being capable of feeling sorry for someone who was white, society condemned him. I personally think that giving a person a label is wrong, because each person is an individual, not a clone of some stereotype. Today, I think prejudice and stereotypes are a not only a big problem for the entire world, but they also affect teenagers such as D’Arcy students. It seems that all too often students categorize each other into stereotyped groups, much like how the citizens of Maycomb divided themselves. For example, if someone was walking down the hall at a school wearing old 70’s style glasses, corduroy pants, a plaid vest, suspenders, an ugly bow tie, and a shirt with a pocket protector and several pens plus a calculator in the pocket, many students would immediately associate this person with a stereotype. However, this student might be a great skateboarder who enjoys cooking and football. Obviously, labels are wrong. They can never be accurate because a person is not a stereotype. People are individuals. If everyone understood this, then maybe the world would have less problems, because many of the artificial barriers that we create because of prejudice would be broken down, and we would all get along much better. Of course, what starts off as a barely conscious stereotyping at school could develop into racism, just as Maycomb’s subtle prejudice escalated in enough racism to kill an innocent black man. Racism is a major problem around the world, and I think that its foundation is based on small acts of prejudice, and hypocrisy or ignorance. For example, one major connection to racism in the book occurred in chapter 26 when Scout was discussing current events in her class. What she wanted to know was, â€Å"How can you hate Hitler so bad an’ then turn around and be ugly about folks right at home?† I think that what the author was trying to tell us here was that many people are hypocrites.  Atticus was very careful to avoid this, almost to the point of killing a mockingbird, but others, such as Ms. Gates (Scout’s teacher), were total hypocrites when it came to racism. As Scout said, how could a person accept the social hierarchy of Maycomb, convict Tom Robinson, and then turn around and say that prejudice is wrong? I think that the author is not only telling us that racism is completely wrong, but she is also telling us that we should not be hypocrites. We should make up our minds about what is right. â€Å"Folks don’t like to have somebody around knowin’ more than they do. It aggravates em’.† Calpurnia said this on page 126, in response to a question from Scout. When I read this, I realized that it was very true. Generally, people don’t like to have people around who know more than they do. For example, a few weeks ago I was talking to someone at school who had gotten an excellent mark on an important assignment. When they told me their mark, they asked me not to tell their friends, because they might be angry. I think that it’s too bad that people, especially students such as those at D’Arcy, can’t always share their achievements with others without running the risk of â€Å"aggravating em’.† While I was reading, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† I noticed that one of the most effective tools that was used was point of view. The story was told in first person perspective, with Scout speaking. I think that this mainly allowed us to follow Scout’s personal development; it allowed us to see Scout’s thoughts and emotions. For example, in the beginning of the book, Scout enjoyed terrorizing Boo Radley in an attempt to make him get out of his house. Later on, though, she realized that doing this was really just hurting an innocent person. On page 279, Scout finally understood Boo well, and she felt that she had developed so much that â€Å"there wasn’t much else left [for her] to learn, except possibly algebra.† This sort of progress in Scout’s character made the story much more interesting for me, and helped me to better recognize the messages that the author was trying to convey. I also thought that the author used point of view to alter the mood in certain parts of the book. For example, on page 211, when the jury was convicting Tom, Scout said that it â€Å"had a dreamlike quality†. This sort of dazed confusion from Scout helped me understand what she thought of the  conviction. I think that Scout knew that Tom would be found guilty, but she didn’t want to accept it. This sort of tension and confusion seemed to convey similar feelings to the reader. When I first read this part of the book, I had to read it again to make sure that Tom really was being convicted, just like how Scout seemed to have some trouble accepting what happened to Tom. One of the characters in the book that I found particularly interesting was Atticus. Atticus was a person who knew what the world was like. He knew that countless mockingbirds were being killed every day around the world. He knew that there were many people who were selfish and unwilling to help others. However, even when he knew all this, he was one of the few characters in the book that continued to believe that there was good in the world. For example, after Jem had seen prejudice in a jarring way at the trial, he decided that everyone was not really equal. As he stated on page 227, â€Å"If there’s just one kind of folks, why can’t they get along with each other?† Jem didn’t understand that even though many people fight each other and divide themselves into social groups, they really are equal. Because what Jem thought was right wasn’t reflected in society, he changed his values. Atticus, though, understood that prejudice and racism were common in the world, but he always tried to see the best in people. On page 281, the story was ending when Atticus was putting Scout to bed. Scout was talking about a book that Atticus had been reading, and she said, â€Å"When they finally saw him he hadn’t done any of those things. Atticus, he was real nice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Atticus responded, â€Å"Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them.† From this quote we can see that Atticus kept his own values, and his faith in humanity, despite what others did. I think that Atticus was able to do this because he didn’t think of a person as a ‘good’ person or a ‘bad’ person, instead he saw people as individuals with good and bad qualities. I think that the author is trying to tell us that people should be like Atticus, and not change their values to suit society’s values. We need to see people for who they really are, though, or it would be almost impossible to do this. Also, the way that Jem changed his own values to represent what society thought reminded me of John Wyndham’s book, â€Å"The Chrysalids.† In the book,  the people of Waknuk were obsessed with ‘the norm’. They believed that any deviation from ‘the norm’ was totally wrong, and they exiled offenders for (a very short) life. All of the people strived for their concept of normality, sort of an exaggerated example of how Jem changed his values to reflect what the majority of Maycomb thought. One last theme that I noticed in the book was the importance of education. The novel seemed to contrast two different types of education. One type was Atticus’ teachings to his children. Atticus enjoyed reading, and he passed this on to Scout by reading to her every night. Atticus also helped Scout and Jem to understand courage by sending them to Ms. Dubose. When Atticus taught something to Scout and Jem, he was always sympathetic and he usually succeeded in teaching whatever he was trying to. This contrasts strongly to the way that Scout’s schoolteachers tried to teach children. They ignored, or perhaps were oblivious to, the needs of their students, and tried to force them to follow the educational system they had been hired to teach. For example, on Scout’s first day of grade one, her teacher, Miss Caroline, found out that Scout could read. You would think that any reasonable grade one teacher would be very impressed by this, and maybe send Scout up a few grades, but instead Miss Caroline said (on page 16), â€Å"You tell [Atticus] I’ll take over from here and try to undo the damage†¦ Your father does not know how to teach.† Actually, Atticus was a much better teacher than Miss Caroline, because he understood Scout and Jem, his students. I think that the author is trying to tell us that while it is important to educate children, it is important to do it right. The key to teaching children, or, for that matter, anyone else, is to understand those who you are trying to teach. In conclusion, I think that, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† is a book that talks about innocence and understanding. It encourages us all to not hurt the innocent ones, the mockingbirds.

Dances with Wolves :: essays research papers

Dances with Wolves   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie Dances with Wolves was a real good movie and I enjoyed watching it. It showed how life was back in the time of the Civil War. The movie also showed how Indians lived and how they respect everything except the white men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think you should keep on showing this movie to your other classes. When you showed this movie, all the kids in class paid attention to it and actually learned something from it because it caught there attention unlike other movies we have seen. If you show this to other classes it will have the same result and will help you in teaching the class. Also, the movie helped us understand how life was like in the West. It showed us that the soldiers were really ruthless and that they would just kill the buffalo for the hide and tongue, leaving the rest of the animal there to rot. While the Indians would take everything from the animal and use it to there advantage and there would be nothing to waste.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of a scale of 5(as being the best), I would give it a 4 and a half. The movie had a real good plot. It showed an American soldier leave his post and communicates with the Indians, which was very shunned upon. The American got very friendly with the Indians and also had a liking towards one of the females. While there relationship goit stronger they got married and when he went back to his post to get some things, he was caught by his troops, which thought he was an Indian. When they found out he was a soldier who became an Indian, they were going to try him of treason. While he was on his way back home, the Indians came and saved him from the white men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is such a good conflict, which made the movie more interesting to watch and you always waited to see what the Indians were going to do next.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The characters were real good too.

The prevention of leakage in water resources

A PROPOSAL FOR RISK MANAGEMENT OF PREVENTION OF LEAKAGE IN WATER RESOURCES WITH THE INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM IN WATER CORPORATION AUSTRALIA AbstractionThe Water Corporation in Australia is confronting a job of H2O escape somewhat above the targeted bound. The chief ground behind it is the clip consumed in describing any escape and explosion. This is due to miss of connectivity between entering system and care system of corporation. Therefore, to put in such a system which links all the systems of corporation possess many hazards that are identified and proper solutions were suggested. The procedure of hazard direction trades with the activities related to coordination of undertaking proposal, taking and commanding the hazards present in the undertakings to accomplish the marks of undertaking. For this intent foremost, the specific hazards were highlighted and identified. Second hazards were assessed and classified based on the precedence in footings of its possible happening and the degree of hazard ( high, medium or low ) . As a effect, all the expected hazards that may impact the ends and the aims of the undertaking can be identified and therefore, all hazards can be eliminated or minimized by the organisation. This can be achieved by monitoring and commanding the chance of bad incidents and their impact on the undertaking and besides maximising the chances to acquire the maximal benefit out of that specific undertaking. Table of Contentss Abstraction 1.COMPANY Profile 2.INTRODUCTION 3.TERM OF REFERENCE 4.PROJECT TEAM & A ; TASKS 5.RISK ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM INSTALLATION FOR INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM 6.CONCLUSION/SUGGESTIONS List OF REFERENCES1. Company PROFILEThis corporation was established in 1995 as a Government Trading Enterprise or GTE. The chief operating countries of corporation are fresh H2O, drainage, waste H2O and direction of dikes and weirs. Although it is owned by the State Government, it operates on the principal of net income coevals in order to acquire maximal fiscal additions to increase the company’s value. The charges on the H2O supply and its other services in all countries under corporation service span are set by the State Government irrespective of the fact that different cost is incurred on supply of H2O in different countries. 300000 liters of H2O per twelvemonth in a specific residential service country is the sum on which corporation charges similar sum but after that it varies harmonizing to the sum of H2O supply. The corporation has the 34000 kilometer of the H2O grapevines which are managed for any leak and loss of H2O is measured after 100 kilometer of that grapevin e ( Auditor General ‘s Report, 2014 ) . The chief H2O supply strategy of the Corporation is functioning 1.5 million people most of which are in Perth, agricultural lands, Goldfields and to some countries in the south-western portion. The chief H2O resources are ground H2O which constitutes 46 % , H2O from dikes or surface resources which are 31 % of entire and besides the desalinated H2O which is 23 % of the entire H2O supply ( Corporation, 2013 ) . The H2O corporation’s vision is to work as a squad in order to profit the society and take attention of environment. The safety of people and employees is being prioritized at the corporation. Everything comes after the safety of people. The corporation value the customer’s demands and act consequently. No affair what sort of conditions is or how much cost is incurred the corporation aims to keep the life style of Western Australia. Diversification of beginnings is a major concern at the corporation in order to salvage H2O supply for the future coevals. Corporation besides gives the H2O efficient merchandises in order to salvage the H2O. There are besides H2O efficient solutions for the concern in order to salvage clip and money. Corporation has besides advertised the construct of salvaging the H2O in the signifier of commercials. They call their H2O salvaging plan as fresh H2O thought. In their 50 twelvemonth hereafter program in which they aim to cut down the H2O demand and go climate resilient company. Their chief purposes are to cut down the H2O use up to 25 % which will back up their fresh H2O believing plan. Their 2nd aim is to increase the H2O recycling up to 60 % from the current degree. Development of H2O beginnings of H2O is besides the portion of the program. They plan to develop up to 100 billion liters of H2O from new beginnings. The groundwater environment is secured with the aid of deeper aquifers. Besides the undertaking of desalinization of sea H2O is in the grapevine. The sea H2O desalinization has become a new and advanced manner to cut down the use of fresh H2O resources. The dams’ influx is being reduced due to less supply of H2O but the desalinization plan can carry through the demand of the supply to the dike. In this manner the sustainability of environment has become a major concern of the corporation. Customer has got a particular place in the corporation. Their concerns and demands are to the full reported and are seeking to be handled in an effectual manner. The online client attention Centre attempts to react to every call from clients in order to describe any ailment. The client can hold their personal history on the web site and can even pay their measure. Customers can hold the better understanding about their history demands. The H2O collected and treated from waste H2O is another beginning of H2O supply. There are 109 intervention workss of waste H2O in the western portion of Australia for this intent. Most of the intervention is done by three major workss in Perth and other support these workss. The irrigation territories in Northwest, Midwest and Southwest are besides served by the corporation. The irrigation H2O supply to these countries is 240 Giga liters per annum. The corporation besides maintains the drainage system in Perth. It does it in order to take preemptive steps before any inundation to protect the belongings and the environment. In rural parts about 2250 km country is served for this intent while Perth has 900 kilometer of country covered by the corporation for drainage system. More than three 1000 people are working in the corporation and the replacing value of 31.6 billion dollars while the assets are valued about 15 billion dollars. The major portion of company’s net incomes goe s to the State Government and remainder is used in the capital development of the Corporation.2. IntroductionHarmonizing to Auditor Generals’ study of Western Australia 2012-13 the entire H2O supplied was 357.39 billion liters out of which 314 billion liters were recorded to be consumed. The staying 43 billion liters was lost out of which 13 billion liters was really used but non recorded for charge. The staying 30 billion litre H2O was physically lost ( Auditor General’s study, 2014 ) . There are many grounds which are responsible for this physical lost H2O. One of them is long processing clip of information. This long processing clip is due to miss of automatic connexion between the different systems within the H2O corporations. The information about different jobs is linked to other systems by making manual work which is a clip devouring procedure and can make more H2O harm during this procedure of linking information. There are many incidents, some of them were out standing one were recorded in the corporation’s Information Management system but the system which deals the order coevals of care and fix is Systems, Applications and Products Plant Maintenance ( SA PPM ) which is non automatically linked with IMS or FMS. Such information is recorded manually in SA PPM due to which a cherished clip to respond about the incident is wasted in plotting the information. The automatic system which is inter-connected is an optimum solution to diminish the long processing clip of information which, in consequence, will do the timely coverage of incident easy. In this manner the job can be resolved. This involves the high investing and besides the potency of hazards in describing the bad incident inaccurately which will severely impact the H2O supply and repute of the Corporation. That is why hazard analysis is a good option to be done before put ining an automatic and inter-connected information system. Every prudent organisation has the wont of making hazard analysis before get downing any undertaking as in this aid in placing the cardinal menaces faced by the undertaking and major chances as good. For this undertaking the corporation will make a hazard analysis which will place the chance of major hazards and their minimisation in order to do the undertaking a success. This analysis is necessary to look out for any sort of good or bad surprise which can come under the manner during the undertaking execution.3. TERM OF REFERENCEFirst of all the organisation must see that why the hazard analysis is necessary. Is at that place any demand to make this? These inquiries are truly of import as some times the chief intent to make the hazard analysis is unknown. Otherwise there is no demand to oppugn about making the hazard analysis before a undertaking as in there ever necessitate to make it. To keep the credibleness and good repute of the organisation it is necessary to transport out an analysis before traveling towards the execution phase of the undertaking. The undertaking squad demands do the following undertakings in order to make a good hazard analysis.A reappraisal of literature and operations on the integrating of inter-connected information system in other sections in Australia and other parts of the universeA reappraisal of similar integrating plan in other countries to happen out the relevant information on the subjectFind o ut the exact information on the H2O escape and countries where it often happens and the degree of promptitude to describe to the Corporation to place the cardinal countries of jobAssess the IT hazard by happening out the menaces, exposures, loss measuring and success of security processs.Develop the security demands and security specification by utilizing the results of hazard analysis.Do system analysis of assets used in installing of computing machine system for the integrating plan. The exposures and chance of any bad events should be measured and the expected loss from such bad eventsThe possible measurings to restrict the loss due to any bad events whose chance is already measuredAssess the measuring processs suggested to provide the hazard of loss whether these measuring are adequate to function the intentDetermine the sensitiveness and the comparative value of computing machine installing in order to happen out the current protection measuring and measurings which can be take n farther. This can be done with the aid of a direction tool like â€Å"what if’ statements, procedure function, scenario analysis etc.4. PROJECT TEAM & A ; TASKSTeam Leader will be undertaking director which will take the undertaking and expression after the care of undertaking. Other squad members will be from operations and mechanics which are as followsOperation ManagerChief Information OfficerIT EngineerOperation SupervisorIT SupervisorOperation TechnicianIT TechnicianThis squad will make the hazard analysis for the intent of looking out for any good or bad surprises in the upcoming undertaking. The undertakings are divided between the squad as following.The features of system are found out by the IT applied scientist, supervisor and technician. The system word picture is done in order to happen out the sensitiveness and comparative value of the system. In this manner the basic characteristics of installing system will be known to the undertaking squad in order to measu re the expected hazards harmonizing to the system word pictureThe IT engineer along with supervisor and technician will seek to happen out the possible menaces to the installing system. The designation of all possible menaces is done in this measure.Chief information officer will be assigned the undertakings of planning and budgetingOperation director and IT engineer will measure the exposure of whole system in order to keep a antagonistic measuring plan for the system installingUndertaking director will make command analysis in order to happen out any spreads in commanding procedure and carry through them.Undertaking director along with two applied scientists will happen out any likeliness of any bad or good event or result. This possibility step is necessary in order to avoid any surprises during the procedure of the undertaking.Every squad member will make encephalon storming in order to happen out the impact of ascertained possibilities in the manner of making undertaking.Every possible hazard is determined in the following measure. This will be done by each member of the undertaking squad in order to happen out each and every type of hazard at each and every degree of the system installing.After finding the hazards undertaking director will place the current control system and urge the farther control measuring in order to avoid the negative impacts of possible hazards5. Hazard ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM INSTALLATION FOR INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMThe integrated information system is a executable undertaking but there are many things which should be identified and taken into consideration. The incorporate system word picture is done by placing the cardinal characteristics of the computing machine system. The system is relational database direction system which is a database which has the possible to provide the existent clip informations. Besides the NoSQL waiter will be used in order to incorporate the system ( Environment, 2004 ) . The following measure in me nace designation is to happen out possible beginnings for any sort of menace. In this instance the menace beginnings for computing machine system might be of two typesNatural MenacesManmade MenacesThe natural beginnings could be inundations, twisters, electric storms, temblor, landslides etc. There are two sorts of menace system faces from human action i.e. knowing actions and unwilled actions. The knowing Acts of the Apostless include authorised entree to the confidential information, harmful package upload, choping etc. while the unwilled Acts of the Apostless include inadvertent incorrect informations entry. All of these menaces will be taken into consideration for the incorporate system. Flaws and failings of system will besides be identified after menace designation ( Gary Stoneburner, 2002 ) . There is much possible exposure which should be taken in to consideration likeThe being of terminated employees ID on the systemThe usage of water faucets or such things at the informati ons centre which could damage the hardwareLess usage of security barriers or spots by the sellerThe different menaces which have different strength are assessed harmonizing to the strength of the menace. After measuring the menaces harmonizing to the strength, the determination to transport on the undertaking become easy. Following table represents the strength of different sorts of menaces.Result MenacesInsignificantMinorModerateMajorCatastrophicFiscal menaces ALoss less than $ 50000$ 500000- $ 100000$ 100000- $ 300000$ 300000- $ 1500000More than $ 1500000Environmental menaces( Floods electric storms etc )BacillusRemediable minor harmSignificant harm but remediable with some fundssSerious amendss with long term impactCritical harm with a really long clip consequencePermanent Damage to systemHuman Threats( Choping, authorised entree, untrained forces etc )CRemediable minor harmSignificant harm but remediable with some fundssSerious amendss with long term impactCritical harm with a really long clip consequencePermanent Damage to systemTable-1: ( Water, 2013 ) These failings should be taken into consideration in order to be after good security measurings. The security analysis of the system which is to be installed will be exhaustively examined at this phase. The likeliness of the happening of such events will be scaled and so an optimum degree of menace being is assessed with the aid of these tabular arraies and graduated tables. In this manner it becomes easy to happen out that at what level the security should be maintained or increased. If the hazards are utmost or high so the undertaking should be terminated. If it is in moderate place and it is remediable so the determination should be taken by the board by weighing the benefits of undertaking against its possible menaces. Now the likeliness of these events will be measuredAbout CertainEvent is expected to happen about one time in a twelvemonthLikelyEvent is expected to happen about in 2-5 old agesPossibleEvent is expected to happen in about 5-10 old agesUnlikelyEvent is expected to happen in about 10-30yearsRareEvent is expected to happen about one time in 30 old agesTable-2: ( Water, 2013 ) Now the likeliness of natural events can non be predicted with certainty but in Australia the twisters or storms are seasonal events. Floods and electric storms which can be more utmost menace to the system are rare, that is why the likeliness of this menace is moderate. While the human mistakes and their incompetency can be a possible menace which is taken under notice. The matrix for the likeliness of menaces and their strength is measured by following graduated table. If the menace analysis indicates the undertaking under the blue, green belt and tap belt so it is executable to make it otherwise board should revise the determination and take disciplinary measurings.Result ProbabilityInsignificantMinorModerateMajorCatastrophicAbout CertainModerateHighVery HighVery HighVery HighLikelyModerateHighHighVery HighVery HighPossibleLowModerateHighVery HighVery HighUnlikelyLowLowModerateHighVery HighRareLowLowModerateHighHighTable-3: ( Environment, 2004 )6. CONCLUSION/SUGGESTIONSThis undertaking does non possess sever menaces from nature or homo. The possible menaces are remediable and can be taken under control. The demand to hold an integrated information system to describe the damaged, leaked or broken H2O pipes spontaneously is really high. The possible menaces against this demand are non every bit much as its advantages are. Although the fiscal cost is high but it will give the corporation maximal benefit by bettering the efficiency of the operations and hence it will better the consumer trust on the company. To minimise the possible menaces of inundations the system should be installed in 2nd or 3rd floor of the edifice. The possibility of security breach should be minimized by giving specific entree to relevant a nd good trained employees. Retina detectors or finger print detectors could be a better pick to entree the system room physically. While the practical entree to the system should be guarded by three beds of security cheque. The IDs of terminated or transferred forces should be terminated quickly so that the possible menace of security breach can be handled.List OF REFERENCESAuditor General ‘s Report, W. A. , 2014.Water Corporation: Management of Water Pipes,Perth: Office of the Auditor General Western Australia.Corporation, W. , 2013.Annual Report,Perth: s.n.Environment, D. o. , 2004.Water Quality Protection Note – The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines: An overview,Perth: Department of Environment.Gary Stoneburner, A. G. a. A. F. , 2002.Risk Management Guide for Information Technology System,GaithersBurg: National Institute of Standard and engineering.Water, P. , 2013.Hazard Management: Power and Water Corporate Procedure,s.l. : Power Water.

Collapse of Civilizations - 1323 Words

The factors that lead to the collapse of civilizations are almost directly related to those that created it. Archaeologists characterize collapse by a number of elements, some of which we have evidence for, others we do not. Most archaeologists are unsure of exactly what caused the decline of most civilizations in the ancient world, yet there are many clues to some of the events that could have contributed. The collapse of the ancient Roman Empire, the Mesoamerican Mayan, and the Egyptian cultures will be discussed in the following paragraphs, with a focus on the uniqueness of each. Collapse is in quotations because its definition when applied to civilizations is often debated. Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary states:†¦show more content†¦They considered peasant revolt, loss of legitimacy of the rulers, lack of propaganda, abandonment of great centers, ceasing of buildings and inscriptions, and population declination, done by a method the Mayans are known for. Voting with ones feet is when commoners of a village, city, or town were not happy with the king at the time so they left for other communities, no longer contributing their goods to the community. The Mayans were a very ideological society. They had a very weak military, so they were unable to force taxes on the people. They had to enforce ideology by building temples, monuments and statues. When there was a king who was not liked, then they would not build temples to support him. The ruler would have no symbols of power, which meant no authority. The city of Copan had great monuments, which were rebuilt every twenty years. People were needed for the labor, which was often stopped if they were displeased with the ruler. Therefore evidence for a sudden halting of monument building gives clues to archeologists of the state of government, or society as a whole. The Roman Empire was very powerful, diverse, and extravagant. Some Roman villas were simple farmhouses while others were decorated with mosaics, large steam baths and luxurious gardens (Scarre 1997:285). The city was filled with extreme architecture and monuments. Their advanced engineeringShow MoreRelated Collapse of Civilizations Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pages The factors that lead to the â€Å"collapse† of civilizations are almost directly related to those that created it. Archaeologists characterize collapse by a number of elements, some of which we have evidence for, others we do not. Most archaeologists are unsure of exactly what caused the decline of most civilizations in the ancient world, yet there are many clues to some of the events that could have contributed. The collapse of the ancient Roman Empire, the Mesoamerican Mayan, and the Egyptian culturesRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Western Civilization994 Words   |  4 Pagesancient civilizations. From 551-479 B.C. with the Chinese, to the nineteenth and early twentieth century with western civilization. Ranging from the collapsing of the Roman and Mayan empires, to the ending of the Byzantine and Inca empires. Historians and architects use ancient readings left behind on stone and walls to gain knowledge about these civilizations. To comprehend these civilizations that were once there and the culture behind them. The virtue and values of these civilizations have hugeRead MoreCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words   |  5 PagesPatricia Licea-Chavez 10/27/14 History 2 Collapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. (Cartwright) Within this war there were also the battles that were going on within its civilization, the offerings that they made to their gods, and the campaigns to resist the Spanish conquestRead MoreMaya Civilization Collapse1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe example of societal collapse in which I will be making reference to throughout this essay is the Maya civilization. The Maya civilization is, â€Å"probably the best known of all early American civilizations.† (Fagan, 1995) It was at its strongest point between AD 300 AND 900. Around AD 900 was the time of its collapse. This civilization was developed in a densely, tropical forest on either highlands or lowlands. Today to visit a Mayan site, people would go to the modern Mexican state, capi tal cityRead MoreWhy Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse?2267 Words   |  10 Pagescauses that set in motion the collapse of the Mayan civilisation in the 10th century. I will examine particular elements in their history such as warfare and conquest, inherent difficulties in the areas of sustenance, resource management and environmental degradation. My goal is to formulate a more in-depth understanding of how such a complex and powerful people fell and what triggered their demise. BACKGROUND AND AGRICULTURE Initially the Mayan civilization prospered throughout the lowlandsRead MoreEssay on Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse as a Result of Drought?1016 Words   |  5 PagesEver since the collapse of the once powerful Maya civilization, people have been trying to find out what caused it. Authors of the article, “Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization”, which include Gerald Haug, Detlef Gà ¼nther, Larry Peterson, Daniel Sigman, Konrad Hughen, and Beat Aeschlimann propose a theory that the Mayans collapsed because of an extended dry period between 760 and 910 A.D. These scientists set out find the answer as to why the Maya civilization collapsed. ThisRead MoreIs The Classic Mayan Civilization?1558 Words   |  7 Pagesof Anthropology, a collapse is defined as â€Å"†¦a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economical/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time.†(AOC) With Mr. Tainter’s definition of collapse, I will be focusing on one specific civilization, what led to their falling as a society and elaborate on some theories as to why collapses may occur. The development that I am going to be discussing is the Classic Mayan civilization. The civilization was located in MexicoRead MoreAmericas Oh Sh*T Moment by Niall Ferguson Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesFerguson, a historian who teaches at Harvard University, in 2011, explores why civilizations collapse, and how America can avoid this. He does not focus only on America, but many civilizations in the past that have collaps ed. Niall Ferguson is the author of Civilization: The West and The Rest. The article is creatively and cleverly written using the metaphor of modern technology to describe the way in which the societal collapse occurs. This shows that the article was written for adults who are highlyRead MoreEnd of Mayan Civilization1143 Words   |  5 PagesEnd of Mayan Civilization Samuel Nathaniel H. Stansbury HUM 111 11/3/2012 The mystery concerning the fundamental explanation for the collapse of the Mayan Civilization has been a major focus for researchers in the fields of anthropology and archeology for a considerable period of time. At the very core of this mystery of the Mayan collapse was the question of how could such a strong, stable civilization that had flourished for approximately twenty-seven hundred years disappear without a clearRead MoreEssay on Factors Leading to The Collapse of Past Societies1693 Words   |  7 PagesAt present day, our worldwide civilization of the human race continues to surpass many achievements of other past societies. Everyday, new technological advances are being achieved and the population is growing faster than it ever previously has. We must look back at past civilizations and analyze them to understand what is in store for us in the future. In the pursuit of progress, human societies create problems they do not have the resources or political motivation to solve , for fear of short term

Toxic Leadership And How It Impacts The Organizational...

The objective of this dissertation is to explore the constructs of toxic leadership behavior and how it impacts the organizational citizenship behavior and intent of employees to leave or stay in the nonprofit organization. Questions that address the objectives: 1. To what extent does toxic leadership exist in Orange County nonprofits? 2. How toxicity manifest itself in a leader, how it affected their employees’ OCB? 3. What are the reasons for employees to remain with a nonprofit organization despite toxic leadership or toxic culture? 4. How employees deal with toxicity in their nonprofit organization and does it affect their intentions to leave or stay in the organization? 5. What is the impact toxic leader have on employees and how†¦show more content†¦Whereas, toxic leaders have long-term psychological and physical effects on their followers (Pelletier, 2010). Lipman-Blumen (2005a) emphasizes the need for a multidimensional framework to recognize the complexity of toxic leadership. For example, the intent of the toxic leader, the level of severity of their toxicity, the types of destructive behavior in which this leader involves in, the types of dysfunctional personal traits that drive their decisions and actions, and the significance of the consequences of their decisions and actions (Lipman-Blumen, 2005a). The author also indicates that any toxic leader does not necessarily operate at the same level of toxicity, nor they use the same destructive behaviors, and they do not work through the same dysfunctional mechanisms all the time, even in similar circumstances (Lipman-Blumen, 2005a). Therefore, this study focuses on individual and collective manipulation, explicit and implicit threats, and activities that undermine and create barriers to the success of employees. In addition, these toxic behaviors serve to intentionally intimate, marginalize and degrade employees, causing them harm, and threatening the success of the organization, by their supervisors or organizational leadership. Turnover Intention. Some scholars define turnover intention as an individual who has the conscious and determination to leave the organization (Addae,Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Toxic Leadership1519 Words   |  7 Pagesdissertation study is an opportunity to explore toxic leadership in nonprofits in Orange County. Also, to examine the impact of toxic leader’s practices on OCB and turnover intention as two variables that can harm nonprofit organizations significantly. Moreover, to determine the influence of employee engagement on their organizational citizenship and turnover intention because of the toxic leadership behaviors. The gap in the literature about toxic leadership in nonprofits has inspired me to study thisRead MoreToxicity in the Workplace3766 Words   |  16 PagesThe Toxic Workplace Organizational Behaviour Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the inter-relationship of incivility and toxicity, how bullies are able to become toxic managers, and how they are allowed to develop in a toxic organization. We also analyze the development of organizational pain and how toxin handlers deal it with. Finally, we hope to assess if there is any validity to claims that ‘Generation Z’ is responsible for the recent prevalence of workplace toxicityRead MoreDeviant Work Place Behaviour5882 Words   |  24 PagesINTRODUCTION Workplace issues remains important in organizational behavior research because of their impact on employees and organization. One of the important workplace issues that receive less attention among organizational scholars is workplace deviant behavior. The concept of workplace deviance in recent years has generated high interest among organizational researchers and practitioners because of its pervasiveness in organizations. Some forms of workplace deviance includesRead MoreChapter One- Strategic Management Strategic Management Comprises of Two Words Strategy and Management. Simply Put, Strategy Is a Companys Game Plan. Strategy Can Be Defined as Large-Scale, Future-Oriented Plans for5766 Words   |  24 Pagesnon-financial goals such as fulfilling the social responsibilities of the company. The Business Level: This fall in the middle of the hierarchy. It is principally composed of business and corporate managers; they translate the statements of direction and intent generated from the corporate level into concrete objectives and strategies for individual business divisions. The Functional Level: This is the lowest of the decision-making hierarchy and it comprises of managers of product, geographic and managersRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreSustainable Solutions Paper wk 7 draft16370 Words   |  66 Pagesbiggest environmental concerns is toxic waste and plastics in landfills. A report about e-waste on the Greenpeace website states that â€Å"more than 4.6 million [tons] of e-waste ended up in landfills in the United States in 2000. Toxic chemicals in electronics products can leach into the land over time or are released into the atmosphere, impacting nearby communities and the environment† (Greenpeace International, 2010, para 2). One of the biggest contributors to toxic waste is computer manufacturersRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesSilipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene GRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesChapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING HIGH PERFORMANCE Establishing the Performance Management System 230 Establishing Rewards and Pay Plans 260 Employee Benefits 286 Ensuring a Safe and HealthyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities

A Better Perspective On Health Care Systems - 894 Words

Health care has been an arising and ongoing concern across the nation for years. The United States has a market-based health insurance system which in turn deprives a large number of citizen’s their health care necessities. This crisis continues in America despite the available resources that can be implemented to protect our right to health and consider a structured or set level of health care spending. Other counties around the world; just to name a few, Japan, Switzerland and Germany, have managed to reform their health care systems to provide health care for everyone. To get a better perspective on health care systems, I will identify and address the different health care systems around the world, outline America’s health care issues, possible solutions, and address the Affordable Health Care Act. Let’s take a look at Taiwan, they have an ideal health care system in which I favor, where everyone is covered making it mandatory for everyone to have insuranc e with full access to seek any provider or specialists and having personal identification cards in place to make administration for providers and patients accessible and convenient. Japan is second runner up on having a well-established system, they to have a system to where everyone is covered either through their work or community based plans with access to see any specialist or provider, and each medical procedure has a set price for every physician at any clinic creating balance and equality among the JapaneseShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Us Healthcare System901 Words   |  4 PagesS healthcare system is considered one of the most expensive in the world. Financing the U.S healthcare system can be put into payments made by the government, private groups of individuals, and the consumer. Single payer refers to a way of financing health care, which includes both the collection of money for health care and reimbursement of providers for healthcare costs. In the United State s, there are multiple payers, not a single payer. Single payer does not specify a health care delivery mechanism;Read MoreHealthcare Financing For An Aging American Population1426 Words   |  6 Pagesand positive perspective of the healthcare financing of this particular population as well as personal position and thoughts. Overview of Aging and Health Care Financing in U.S Just like other parts of the world, the United States is no exceptional, it is an aging society. Between the year 2000 and the year 2050, the number of the elderly is predicted to increase by 135%. Again, the population of the persons aged 85 years and above, which is the group that will mostly require health and long-termRead MoreThe Status of EBP in the PA Profession1419 Words   |  6 PagesStatus of EBP in the PA Profession Introduction The entire health industry is highly commercial and the face of the industry has changed and so has the requirements. Value creation today is mostly done by pharmacy benefit managers, doctors, nurses and the Physician Assistant--PA. These and health maintenance organizations are the new healthcare players. They are in need of modern tools to improve the medical cost management skills, and creating a competitive organizational culture. 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Maslow (Maslow, 1943) identified client system needs as a â€Å"general-dynamic† theory synthesizedRead MoreHospitals are Driving toward a Leaner Organization Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization Background: To obtain sustainable organizational efficiency and service quality, many hospitals have adopted an Open Systems Perspective by using â€Å"lean management† procedures borrowed from leading car manufacturers, in an effort to â€Å"reduce and remove waste from work processes†. These processes improved organizational efficiency reduced costs and provided better patient care. i What ‘seems’ to be the Problem: Secondary Symptoms Full waiting rooms, long wait times, inefficient use of suppliesRead MoreTechnological Advances in the United States Healthcare1220 Words   |  5 Pagestechnological advances directly affect health care delivery in America, other factors affect it as well. As reported by Ball (2012), two of the earliest and most important technological advances that affected the system of health care delivery in the United States were the invention of the x-ray and the discovery of germs. These two advances drastically altered the health care delivery system and illustrate the way in which other technological advances may have bearing on the system. Further, these technologicalRead MoreThese Health Professionals Have Different Perspectives1398 Words   |  6 PagesThese health professionals have different perspectives regarding Type 2 Diabetes services due to their conflicting values and beliefs. GPs are not in hierarchies, which signifies that they prefer making decisions independently, as compar ed to the collaborative work of PCNs (Glouberman Minztberg, 2001). GPs believe that medicine and research are more vital for a patient (Glouberman Minztberg, 2001). They focus on the treatment of diabetes, so long-term care is not carried out extensively by mostRead MoreExplain The 3 Distinct Models Used Within Canada Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagescollection of personal health information. †¢ Limited Use: Under the E-Health Act, the purposes for which personal health information contained in HIBs (health information banks) can be collected and used are set out in the designation order. †¢ Security Safeguards: There are no provisions in the E-Health Act that directly address the type or nature of protective safeguards that should be used in respect of HIBs. †¢ Patient Participation: The E-Health Act enables patient participationRead MoreHuman Dignity in Relation to Universal Healthcare1814 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstandings of human dignity are based in the belief that it is something all humans already have, these are called â€Å"Attributed Dignity† (Weisstub and Dà ­az Pintos, 2008, p 27) - Because we are human, OR - Humans have special attributes making us better then all living things Category 2 Other understandings of human dignity are based in the belief that human dignity is something that people can acquire (or lose) this is known as† Intrinsic Dignity† (Weisstub and Dà ­az Pintos, 2008, p 27) - ThroughRead MoreToo Far Ahead of the It Curve? Essay885 Words   |  4 Pageshas grown rapidly and are facing problems with its IT infrastructure. It needs to look for a better solution. There are two options proposed to solve the issue whether to use a monolithic enterprise software system which is a single set of systems and applications and completes consistency across all of the hospitals but lack of flexibility for doctors and costly or to implement SOA which is a modular system with flexibility to go after selective standardization but risky as new technology. To select

Virtue ethics as a resource in business - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Virtue ethics as a resource in business. Answer: Introduction Ethics is the set of moral principles and standards that determine the everyday business decision. The ethical decision of a particular organization affects its business operation and the way it treats its employers, shareholders, customers and community in which it is situated (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The leaders of an organization need to start to behave ethically and morally and set the tone of an ethical business rule. Governance The aim of this report is to discuss and analyze ethical theories in business and its relation to the characters of the leaders by literature reviews. The duties, responsibilities and roles of ethical leaders and the ethical dimension of their actions or decisions have been discussed in this paper. The report will explain the two characters of business leaders named Bernard Ebbers of WorldCom and Bernard Madoff of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities and their duties and ethical dimensions of their decisions or actions by applying appropriate ethical theories. The report will conclude with the responses to the discussions of ethical leadership and its application in the business operations. Discussion of Ethical Theories Ethical theories in business provide the base of the decision-making ability of the business leaders and when they act ethically, in any business operation, they become the moral agents and the other members of the organization follow them and respect their ethical decisions. The ethical theories provide the viewpoints from which an individual leader seeks guidance when he or she makes decisions (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). The decision makers or leaders imply these ethical theories to reach in a set of common goals that the decision-makers pursue to achieve to become successful. Beneficence, respect for autonomy, least harm and justice are some of the goals that the leaders seek (Michaelson et al., 2014). Deontology Cline (2014), has discussed one of the five broad categories of ethical theories in business operations, which include deontology. The business leaders employ the ethical theories as a guidance of decision-making. Using the ethical theories and different strategies of ethical application, the business leaders resolve the ethical dilemma (Bowie, 2017). The theories act as the guidelines for taking most ethical decisions in day-to-day business operation. The authors have broadly discussed the deontological ethical theory and its advantages and disadvantages in the business operations. This theory tells about judging an action based on the rules. In this theory, the rules act as the ethics as rules bind an individual to the duties. In business operations, the leaders need to follow the set of rules and ethics while applying the deontology (Cline, 2014). The leaders should take decisions in any business operation based on the rules or set of obligations where his or her actions or decisi ons are more important than the consequences. A leader who follows deontological theory could produce most unchanging decisions, as his or her decisions would be based on individuals set duties. Craft (2013), has discussed the positive and negative impact of the deontological theory in the workplace. There are many positive impacts of the deontological theory; however, this theory contains flaws. The author has successfully identified the flaws in this theory. There is no logical basis on which an individual leaders duty can be identified. For instance, one businessperson decides that he will always arrive at the office in time; however, what is the logic for this obligation cannot be defined. The major variation of this theory is that the duties or obligations are understood by using the reasons, which is proposed in the Kantian Deontology or common sense proposed by RossianIntuitionist Deontology (Bowie, 2017). Utilitarianism Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald (2014), articulate another perspective of workplace ethics in the Utilitarianism theory. Each of the ethical theories is concerned with a particular perspective on right and wrong and good or bad. The famous proponents of the Utilitarianism theory are J.S Mill and Jeremy Bentham. In contrast to the deontology, it primarily focuses on consequences of a decision or an action. It is based on individuals ability to comprehend these consequences. Utilitarianism is concerned with the maximum amount of benefits for a large number of people and that decide the ethically correct decisions (Shafer-Landau, 2012). The author has described the two divisions of Utilitarianism theory that affects directly for the workplace decision. Utilitarianism focuses on the decision-makers acts, which would benefit the maximum number of people despite societal constraints or personal feelings (Ford Richardson, 2013). On the other hand, the rule of utilitarianism focuses on the fairness of an act. It also works to benefit the maximum amount of people, following the fairest and justified means. Therefore, on the one hand, rule utilitarianism seeks justice and at the same time, it includes benefits to the maximum number of people (Albee 2014). However, leaders who follow utilitarianism theory could face challenges as this is based on the prediction of the choice of the leaders for the maximum number of people. Sometimes the choice might not be matched with the expected outcomes and thus, decision makers appear as unethical. Egoism In contrast with the utilitarianism theory, egoism ethical theory focuses on the personal interest and self-gains. While utilitarianism emphasizes the benefits of the maximum number of people, egoism concerns with the self-interest of a persons consideration. Utilitarianism focuses on maximize the overall pleasure and egoism focus on maximizing the individual pleasure (Broad, 2014). Rachels (2012), has elaborated the egoism ethical theory in business in his book. Following the egoism theory, the leader should choose an action that conduces to his or her self-interest. The famous proponents of the egoism theory are Adam Smith and Ayn Rand. Ethical egoism is a self-centred theory, in which the doer of an action will own the benefits of the consequences of that action. Egoism, which contrasts to that of utilitarianism is agent-focused, that is it provides the subjective point of view of the ethical agent (Broad, 2014). However, on the other hand, utilitarianism is agent-neutral, as it does not treat the selfs or moral agents self-interest, however, it focuses on the well-being and interest of the others. Shafer-Landau (2012), has discussed the effect of ethical egoism in the workplace. When a moral agent or leader chose ethical egoism as the basis of his decision-making, he or she does not make any harm to the well-being and interest of the others, rather he or she focuses greatly on the interest and benefits of himself or herself. The moral agent or ethical leader is not necessarily thinking about the interest and benefits of others. In that sense, he or she is selfish. The effect of the self-interest of an individual could be beneficial, neutral or detrimental to the others based on the actions he or she is doing (Broad, 2014). He or she cannot blame others for making any decision or doing any act. It is the sole responsibility of the moral agent or doer for any action or decision he makes based on the ethical egoism. Care Ethics The care ethics sometimes has been seen as the supplement to the other ethical theories. Waller (2013), have discussed the care ethics broadly and its application in the workplace in his book Consider Ethics: Pearson New International Edition: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. The famous proponents of care ethics are Virginia Held, Carol Gilligan and Michael Slote. It talks about the ethical base of decision-making based on providing care for others. The vulnerable or needy group are in necessity of the care, thus, care ethics concerns for these groups mainly or the groups that need the support. The utilitarianism and care ethics are similar on the ground of valuing the emotions of the other groups (Broad 2014). Following the care ethics theory, the leaders could chose the action or make a decision that supports the other people and nurtures the other persons emotions. Showing care towards the needy people or the people who need care is the basis of care ethics. The centre o f the moral action is creating an interpersonal relationship with the others and showing benevolence or care. The vulnerable groups in consideration are workers, children and women (Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald, 2014). Virtue Ethics Aristotle proposes virtue ethics and it is one of the classical ethical theories, which is based on the socio-cultural construct of ethics. Russell (2013), has shown how the societal and cultural construct affects the individuals to chose what is right or wrong. It focuses on the individuals character as the foundation of the ethical thinking, rather than the laws and rules of the acts, which is the basis of Deontology or the consequences of an action, which is the basis of Utilitarianism (Audi, 2012). The virtue ethics theory analyzes deeply about the individuals character as the social and cultural construction. Ethics of an individual is constructed by the society and an individual decides good or bad based on the societal norms of the ethics. This is the basis of virtue ethics, which is different from other broad categories of the ethical theories such as, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Egoism and Ethics Care. Application of Ethical Theories WorldCom Sandal WorldCom, which is the telecommunication giant, was accused in accounting fraud and for this case, the CEO, Bernie Ebbers was convicted and sentenced to jail for twenty-five years in 2005 (Yallapragada, Roe Toma, 2012). He was accused of violating the ethics in the business operation and charged with eleven billion US dollars (Cronje, 2014). The main reason behind this fraud case was the business strategies taken by the CEO of the company, Bernie Ebbers. Around the 1990s, he took strategies for achieving magnificent growth by acquisitions. In 1988, he adopted merger and acquisition strategy. By this process, the company merged with sixty other small and large companies (Searcey, 2018). On June 25 in 2002, WorldCom admitted inflating incomes by 3.8 billion US Dollars by applying improper accounting of expenses. On June 26, the American government lodged civil charges of fraud against the organization. On June 21, the company declared the bankruptcy (Moepya et al., 2015). The ethical issues include violation of ethical, economic and legal responsibilities and destruction of ethical norms and values. The CEO of the company did not tell the truth, he violated the ethical norms of the business such as truthfulness and honesty (Tran, 2018). He was doing illegal actions. His decision regarding the merger led the company to the greatest bankruptcy in the US. The company had to face challenges due to unethical decision-making policy of the CEO (Yallapragada, Roe Toma, 2012). The unethical action could be described by the violation of the ethical theory such as deontology. In this theory, the ethics of the decision-maker is created by the rules he follows. The set of rules act as the ethical base of the decision-maker. In this case, of WorldCom, the CEO has violated the ethical rules proposed in the corporate ethics (Forbes.com, 2018). He did not follow honesty and legal means of the corporate rule. In his character, the dimension of selfishness or personal benefits of the CEO led to the corruption of the agency could be described by the egoism theory (Searcey, 2018). In this theory, the decision-maker would only concentrate on the self-interest or profits of himself. In case of Ebbers, he has concentrated on his personal gains and profits. He did not think about the long-term benefits of the company or the growth on a long-term basis. Apart from the Deontology and Egoism, he has violated other ethical theories such as Care Ethics or Utilitarianism theory. Ebbers saw the employees of the company as the means of production. He did not consider the employees as the part of the decision-making team. In course of personal gain, the CEO did not think about the well-being and profit of the employees, thus, violating the ethical rules of Utilitarianism and Care Ethics. Eve, the CEO has taken personal loans from the companys finance (Cronje, 2014). Thus, he focused only on the personal interest by unethical means. Madoff investment Scandal Madoff was charged for money laundering case of his company, along with false statements, securities fraud, perjury, trust fraud, wire fraud and theft from the employees benefit plans 9 (Stolowy, 2014). The penalty imposed on him was one fifty years in the federal prison and one seventy billion US Dollars in restitution. He accused in March 2009 (Ragothaman, 2013). His case was one of the biggest fraud cases in US history. Madoff induced thousand of investor to submit their savings and he falsely promised to them that he would provide them with a consistent profit in return. When he was caught, he was accused of eleven fraud cases and several money laundering cases, theft and perjury (Sander, 2013). The ethical issues of the decision-maker, in this case, are related to the violation of Deontology. The chief manager, Madoff of this company violated the basic ethical rules in business. He profited from the benefit plans of the employees of the company (Reuters.com, 2018). The act of gaining benefits from the employees plan has made him as an unethical leader in the company (Theguardian.com, 2018). He has not only violated the ethics of Deontology, rather he has violated Utilitarianism, Care Ethics, Virtue Ethics and even the egoism. Critics could find similarities of his action with the egoism ethical theory, however, in the egoism theory; there is no mention of gaining personal profits by the unethical means. Apart from Deontology, he also violated ethical issues such as Utilitarianism, Egoism, care ethics and virtue ethics. He did not think about his employees in his firm. He used his employees as only the means of production. He even benefitted from his employee's schemes without knowing them. He violated Utilitarianism ethics. He did not think about the benefits or well-being of his employees. He only focused on his own benefits using the unethical means (Economist.com, 2018). He even violated the egoism ethical theory, as he was too self-centred; however, he gained his profit for creating harms to the other people. He used many unethical means. He violated care ethics and virtue ethics too. In care ethics, it is said that the decision-maker should be caring for the vulnerable groups like workers. On the other hand, the decision maker, Madoff was not at all caring towards the workers of his company. He exploited his workers (Wsj.com, 2018). He never thinks about benefits of his workers. Even the investors, from whom Madoff took the money, was being exploited by the decision-maker, Madoff. Madoff said one type of schemes to his investors, on the other hand, he was pocketing a large amount of money for himself from these investors money by falsifying those investors. Madoff has violated even Virtue Ethics. In the Virtue Ethics, it is said that individual is the construct of the society. Applying the theory, Madoff is the construct of the society and societal values. However, it is most unimportant to say and analyze the social context of the Madoff. His guilt cannot be justified by his societal construction. Whatever, his society may be, he has done unethical deeds and for this, has to face some legislative actions. He was not transparent and unethical. Madoffs case has become one of the invaluable lessons to the students, entrepreneurs, investors and businesspersons regarding the corporate ethics, governance, social responsibility and organizational behaviour (Nytimes.com, 2018). His action was never driven by honesty, courage, justice or temperance. However, at times he showed honesty before his family members when he was already caught by the police for his fraudulent activities. In the light of virtue ethics, Madoff was the failure. At the en d, in the conflict of common or greater good, crude individualism sustained in Madoffs case. Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that details of ethical theories had been discussed in the paper. The report also analyzed the ethical theories and its application in decision-making in the workplace. The five broad theories of ethics are discussed in details. The decision-makers sometimes follow only one particular theory and reject the others. On the other hand, sometimes, they follow two or three theories at the same time, depending on the situation of the workplace and the necessity of an ethical action. The ethical theories that have been discussed in the paper include Deontology, Utilitarianism, Egoism, care Ethics and Virtue Ethics. Any leader follows these ethical theories would be affected by his decisions and actions. On the other hand, the decisions of an ethical leader would directly influence the business operation of the firm. The success of the business operation of any firm would be determined by the ethical actions of the moral agent. When a leader follows the ethical action, he becomes the moral agent of that particular organization. The moral agent needs to be strictly ethical and the ethical action would be initiated by him. The leaders who had already violated the governance ethics and corporate laws have been described in the essay by a detailed description. They did unethical acts and for this, they are caught by the legislation. They could be the examples of unethical actions and future generation could learn from their actions. They could be an example to the future generation in negative ways for not following the ethical rules of the corporate governance and the theories of the ethics. References Albee, E. (2014).A history of Utilitarianism(Vol. 1). Routledge. Audi, R. (2012). Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(2), 273-291. Bowie, N. E. 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