Toxic Leadership And How It Impacts The Organizational...

The objective of this dissertation is to explore the constructs of toxic leadership behavior and how it impacts the organizational citizenship behavior and intent of employees to leave or stay in the nonprofit organization. Questions that address the objectives: 1. To what extent does toxic leadership exist in Orange County nonprofits? 2. How toxicity manifest itself in a leader, how it affected their employees’ OCB? 3. What are the reasons for employees to remain with a nonprofit organization despite toxic leadership or toxic culture? 4. How employees deal with toxicity in their nonprofit organization and does it affect their intentions to leave or stay in the organization? 5. What is the impact toxic leader have on employees and how†¦show more content†¦Whereas, toxic leaders have long-term psychological and physical effects on their followers (Pelletier, 2010). Lipman-Blumen (2005a) emphasizes the need for a multidimensional framework to recognize the complexity of toxic leadership. For example, the intent of the toxic leader, the level of severity of their toxicity, the types of destructive behavior in which this leader involves in, the types of dysfunctional personal traits that drive their decisions and actions, and the significance of the consequences of their decisions and actions (Lipman-Blumen, 2005a). The author also indicates that any toxic leader does not necessarily operate at the same level of toxicity, nor they use the same destructive behaviors, and they do not work through the same dysfunctional mechanisms all the time, even in similar circumstances (Lipman-Blumen, 2005a). Therefore, this study focuses on individual and collective manipulation, explicit and implicit threats, and activities that undermine and create barriers to the success of employees. In addition, these toxic behaviors serve to intentionally intimate, marginalize and degrade employees, causing them harm, and threatening the success of the organization, by their supervisors or organizational leadership. Turnover Intention. Some scholars define turnover intention as an individual who has the conscious and determination to leave the organization (Addae,Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Toxic Leadership1519 Words   |  7 Pagesdissertation study is an opportunity to explore toxic leadership in nonprofits in Orange County. Also, to examine the impact of toxic leader’s practices on OCB and turnover intention as two variables that can harm nonprofit organizations significantly. Moreover, to determine the influence of employee engagement on their organizational citizenship and turnover intention because of the toxic leadership behaviors. The gap in the literature about toxic leadership in nonprofits has inspired me to study thisRead MoreToxicity in the Workplace3766 Words   |  16 PagesThe Toxic Workplace Organizational Behaviour Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the inter-relationship of incivility and toxicity, how bullies are able to become toxic managers, and how they are allowed to develop in a toxic organization. We also analyze the development of organizational pain and how toxin handlers deal it with. Finally, we hope to assess if there is any validity to claims that ‘Generation Z’ is responsible for the recent prevalence of workplace toxicityRead MoreDeviant Work Place Behaviour5882 Words   |  24 PagesINTRODUCTION Workplace issues remains important in organizational behavior research because of their impact on employees and organization. One of the important workplace issues that receive less attention among organizational scholars is workplace deviant behavior. 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A Better Perspective On Health Care Systems - 894 Words

Health care has been an arising and ongoing concern across the nation for years. The United States has a market-based health insurance system which in turn deprives a large number of citizen’s their health care necessities. This crisis continues in America despite the available resources that can be implemented to protect our right to health and consider a structured or set level of health care spending. Other counties around the world; just to name a few, Japan, Switzerland and Germany, have managed to reform their health care systems to provide health care for everyone. To get a better perspective on health care systems, I will identify and address the different health care systems around the world, outline America’s health care issues, possible solutions, and address the Affordable Health Care Act. Let’s take a look at Taiwan, they have an ideal health care system in which I favor, where everyone is covered making it mandatory for everyone to have insuranc e with full access to seek any provider or specialists and having personal identification cards in place to make administration for providers and patients accessible and convenient. Japan is second runner up on having a well-established system, they to have a system to where everyone is covered either through their work or community based plans with access to see any specialist or provider, and each medical procedure has a set price for every physician at any clinic creating balance and equality among the JapaneseShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Us Healthcare System901 Words   |  4 PagesS healthcare system is considered one of the most expensive in the world. Financing the U.S healthcare system can be put into payments made by the government, private groups of individuals, and the consumer. Single payer refers to a way of financing health care, which includes both the collection of money for health care and reimbursement of providers for healthcare costs. In the United State s, there are multiple payers, not a single payer. Single payer does not specify a health care delivery mechanism;Read MoreHealthcare Financing For An Aging American Population1426 Words   |  6 Pagesand positive perspective of the healthcare financing of this particular population as well as personal position and thoughts. Overview of Aging and Health Care Financing in U.S Just like other parts of the world, the United States is no exceptional, it is an aging society. Between the year 2000 and the year 2050, the number of the elderly is predicted to increase by 135%. Again, the population of the persons aged 85 years and above, which is the group that will mostly require health and long-termRead MoreThe Status of EBP in the PA Profession1419 Words   |  6 PagesStatus of EBP in the PA Profession Introduction The entire health industry is highly commercial and the face of the industry has changed and so has the requirements. Value creation today is mostly done by pharmacy benefit managers, doctors, nurses and the Physician Assistant--PA. These and health maintenance organizations are the new healthcare players. They are in need of modern tools to improve the medical cost management skills, and creating a competitive organizational culture. 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Maslow (Maslow, 1943) identified client system needs as a â€Å"general-dynamic† theory synthesizedRead MoreHospitals are Driving toward a Leaner Organization Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesOrganization Background: To obtain sustainable organizational efficiency and service quality, many hospitals have adopted an Open Systems Perspective by using â€Å"lean management† procedures borrowed from leading car manufacturers, in an effort to â€Å"reduce and remove waste from work processes†. These processes improved organizational efficiency reduced costs and provided better patient care. i What ‘seems’ to be the Problem: Secondary Symptoms Full waiting rooms, long wait times, inefficient use of suppliesRead MoreTechnological Advances in the United States Healthcare1220 Words   |  5 Pagestechnological advances directly affect health care delivery in America, other factors affect it as well. 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They focus on the treatment of diabetes, so long-term care is not carried out extensively by mostRead MoreExplain The 3 Distinct Models Used Within Canada Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagescollection of personal health information. †¢ Limited Use: Under the E-Health Act, the purposes for which personal health information contained in HIBs (health information banks) can be collected and used are set out in the designation order. †¢ Security Safeguards: There are no provisions in the E-Health Act that directly address the type or nature of protective safeguards that should be used in respect of HIBs. †¢ Patient Participation: The E-Health Act enables patient participationRead MoreHuman Dignity in Relation to Universal Healthcare1814 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstandings of human dignity are based in the belief that it is something all humans already have, these are called â€Å"Attributed Dignity† (Weisstub and Dà ­az Pintos, 2008, p 27) - Because we are human, OR - Humans have special attributes making us better then all living things Category 2 Other understandings of human dignity are based in the belief that human dignity is something that people can acquire (or lose) this is known as† Intrinsic Dignity† (Weisstub and Dà ­az Pintos, 2008, p 27) - ThroughRead MoreToo Far Ahead of the It Curve? Essay885 Words   |  4 Pageshas grown rapidly and are facing problems with its IT infrastructure. It needs to look for a better solution. There are two options proposed to solve the issue whether to use a monolithic enterprise software system which is a single set of systems and applications and completes consistency across all of the hospitals but lack of flexibility for doctors and costly or to implement SOA which is a modular system with flexibility to go after selective standardization but risky as new technology. To select

Virtue ethics as a resource in business - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Virtue ethics as a resource in business. Answer: Introduction Ethics is the set of moral principles and standards that determine the everyday business decision. The ethical decision of a particular organization affects its business operation and the way it treats its employers, shareholders, customers and community in which it is situated (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). The leaders of an organization need to start to behave ethically and morally and set the tone of an ethical business rule. Governance The aim of this report is to discuss and analyze ethical theories in business and its relation to the characters of the leaders by literature reviews. The duties, responsibilities and roles of ethical leaders and the ethical dimension of their actions or decisions have been discussed in this paper. The report will explain the two characters of business leaders named Bernard Ebbers of WorldCom and Bernard Madoff of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities and their duties and ethical dimensions of their decisions or actions by applying appropriate ethical theories. The report will conclude with the responses to the discussions of ethical leadership and its application in the business operations. Discussion of Ethical Theories Ethical theories in business provide the base of the decision-making ability of the business leaders and when they act ethically, in any business operation, they become the moral agents and the other members of the organization follow them and respect their ethical decisions. The ethical theories provide the viewpoints from which an individual leader seeks guidance when he or she makes decisions (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). The decision makers or leaders imply these ethical theories to reach in a set of common goals that the decision-makers pursue to achieve to become successful. Beneficence, respect for autonomy, least harm and justice are some of the goals that the leaders seek (Michaelson et al., 2014). Deontology Cline (2014), has discussed one of the five broad categories of ethical theories in business operations, which include deontology. The business leaders employ the ethical theories as a guidance of decision-making. Using the ethical theories and different strategies of ethical application, the business leaders resolve the ethical dilemma (Bowie, 2017). The theories act as the guidelines for taking most ethical decisions in day-to-day business operation. The authors have broadly discussed the deontological ethical theory and its advantages and disadvantages in the business operations. This theory tells about judging an action based on the rules. In this theory, the rules act as the ethics as rules bind an individual to the duties. In business operations, the leaders need to follow the set of rules and ethics while applying the deontology (Cline, 2014). The leaders should take decisions in any business operation based on the rules or set of obligations where his or her actions or decisi ons are more important than the consequences. A leader who follows deontological theory could produce most unchanging decisions, as his or her decisions would be based on individuals set duties. Craft (2013), has discussed the positive and negative impact of the deontological theory in the workplace. There are many positive impacts of the deontological theory; however, this theory contains flaws. The author has successfully identified the flaws in this theory. There is no logical basis on which an individual leaders duty can be identified. For instance, one businessperson decides that he will always arrive at the office in time; however, what is the logic for this obligation cannot be defined. The major variation of this theory is that the duties or obligations are understood by using the reasons, which is proposed in the Kantian Deontology or common sense proposed by RossianIntuitionist Deontology (Bowie, 2017). Utilitarianism Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald (2014), articulate another perspective of workplace ethics in the Utilitarianism theory. Each of the ethical theories is concerned with a particular perspective on right and wrong and good or bad. The famous proponents of the Utilitarianism theory are J.S Mill and Jeremy Bentham. In contrast to the deontology, it primarily focuses on consequences of a decision or an action. It is based on individuals ability to comprehend these consequences. Utilitarianism is concerned with the maximum amount of benefits for a large number of people and that decide the ethically correct decisions (Shafer-Landau, 2012). The author has described the two divisions of Utilitarianism theory that affects directly for the workplace decision. Utilitarianism focuses on the decision-makers acts, which would benefit the maximum number of people despite societal constraints or personal feelings (Ford Richardson, 2013). On the other hand, the rule of utilitarianism focuses on the fairness of an act. It also works to benefit the maximum amount of people, following the fairest and justified means. Therefore, on the one hand, rule utilitarianism seeks justice and at the same time, it includes benefits to the maximum number of people (Albee 2014). However, leaders who follow utilitarianism theory could face challenges as this is based on the prediction of the choice of the leaders for the maximum number of people. Sometimes the choice might not be matched with the expected outcomes and thus, decision makers appear as unethical. Egoism In contrast with the utilitarianism theory, egoism ethical theory focuses on the personal interest and self-gains. While utilitarianism emphasizes the benefits of the maximum number of people, egoism concerns with the self-interest of a persons consideration. Utilitarianism focuses on maximize the overall pleasure and egoism focus on maximizing the individual pleasure (Broad, 2014). Rachels (2012), has elaborated the egoism ethical theory in business in his book. Following the egoism theory, the leader should choose an action that conduces to his or her self-interest. The famous proponents of the egoism theory are Adam Smith and Ayn Rand. Ethical egoism is a self-centred theory, in which the doer of an action will own the benefits of the consequences of that action. Egoism, which contrasts to that of utilitarianism is agent-focused, that is it provides the subjective point of view of the ethical agent (Broad, 2014). However, on the other hand, utilitarianism is agent-neutral, as it does not treat the selfs or moral agents self-interest, however, it focuses on the well-being and interest of the others. Shafer-Landau (2012), has discussed the effect of ethical egoism in the workplace. When a moral agent or leader chose ethical egoism as the basis of his decision-making, he or she does not make any harm to the well-being and interest of the others, rather he or she focuses greatly on the interest and benefits of himself or herself. The moral agent or ethical leader is not necessarily thinking about the interest and benefits of others. In that sense, he or she is selfish. The effect of the self-interest of an individual could be beneficial, neutral or detrimental to the others based on the actions he or she is doing (Broad, 2014). He or she cannot blame others for making any decision or doing any act. It is the sole responsibility of the moral agent or doer for any action or decision he makes based on the ethical egoism. Care Ethics The care ethics sometimes has been seen as the supplement to the other ethical theories. Waller (2013), have discussed the care ethics broadly and its application in the workplace in his book Consider Ethics: Pearson New International Edition: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. The famous proponents of care ethics are Virginia Held, Carol Gilligan and Michael Slote. It talks about the ethical base of decision-making based on providing care for others. The vulnerable or needy group are in necessity of the care, thus, care ethics concerns for these groups mainly or the groups that need the support. The utilitarianism and care ethics are similar on the ground of valuing the emotions of the other groups (Broad 2014). Following the care ethics theory, the leaders could chose the action or make a decision that supports the other people and nurtures the other persons emotions. Showing care towards the needy people or the people who need care is the basis of care ethics. The centre o f the moral action is creating an interpersonal relationship with the others and showing benevolence or care. The vulnerable groups in consideration are workers, children and women (Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald, 2014). Virtue Ethics Aristotle proposes virtue ethics and it is one of the classical ethical theories, which is based on the socio-cultural construct of ethics. Russell (2013), has shown how the societal and cultural construct affects the individuals to chose what is right or wrong. It focuses on the individuals character as the foundation of the ethical thinking, rather than the laws and rules of the acts, which is the basis of Deontology or the consequences of an action, which is the basis of Utilitarianism (Audi, 2012). The virtue ethics theory analyzes deeply about the individuals character as the social and cultural construction. Ethics of an individual is constructed by the society and an individual decides good or bad based on the societal norms of the ethics. This is the basis of virtue ethics, which is different from other broad categories of the ethical theories such as, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Egoism and Ethics Care. Application of Ethical Theories WorldCom Sandal WorldCom, which is the telecommunication giant, was accused in accounting fraud and for this case, the CEO, Bernie Ebbers was convicted and sentenced to jail for twenty-five years in 2005 (Yallapragada, Roe Toma, 2012). He was accused of violating the ethics in the business operation and charged with eleven billion US dollars (Cronje, 2014). The main reason behind this fraud case was the business strategies taken by the CEO of the company, Bernie Ebbers. Around the 1990s, he took strategies for achieving magnificent growth by acquisitions. In 1988, he adopted merger and acquisition strategy. By this process, the company merged with sixty other small and large companies (Searcey, 2018). On June 25 in 2002, WorldCom admitted inflating incomes by 3.8 billion US Dollars by applying improper accounting of expenses. On June 26, the American government lodged civil charges of fraud against the organization. On June 21, the company declared the bankruptcy (Moepya et al., 2015). The ethical issues include violation of ethical, economic and legal responsibilities and destruction of ethical norms and values. The CEO of the company did not tell the truth, he violated the ethical norms of the business such as truthfulness and honesty (Tran, 2018). He was doing illegal actions. His decision regarding the merger led the company to the greatest bankruptcy in the US. The company had to face challenges due to unethical decision-making policy of the CEO (Yallapragada, Roe Toma, 2012). The unethical action could be described by the violation of the ethical theory such as deontology. In this theory, the ethics of the decision-maker is created by the rules he follows. The set of rules act as the ethical base of the decision-maker. In this case, of WorldCom, the CEO has violated the ethical rules proposed in the corporate ethics (Forbes.com, 2018). He did not follow honesty and legal means of the corporate rule. In his character, the dimension of selfishness or personal benefits of the CEO led to the corruption of the agency could be described by the egoism theory (Searcey, 2018). In this theory, the decision-maker would only concentrate on the self-interest or profits of himself. In case of Ebbers, he has concentrated on his personal gains and profits. He did not think about the long-term benefits of the company or the growth on a long-term basis. Apart from the Deontology and Egoism, he has violated other ethical theories such as Care Ethics or Utilitarianism theory. Ebbers saw the employees of the company as the means of production. He did not consider the employees as the part of the decision-making team. In course of personal gain, the CEO did not think about the well-being and profit of the employees, thus, violating the ethical rules of Utilitarianism and Care Ethics. Eve, the CEO has taken personal loans from the companys finance (Cronje, 2014). Thus, he focused only on the personal interest by unethical means. Madoff investment Scandal Madoff was charged for money laundering case of his company, along with false statements, securities fraud, perjury, trust fraud, wire fraud and theft from the employees benefit plans 9 (Stolowy, 2014). The penalty imposed on him was one fifty years in the federal prison and one seventy billion US Dollars in restitution. He accused in March 2009 (Ragothaman, 2013). His case was one of the biggest fraud cases in US history. Madoff induced thousand of investor to submit their savings and he falsely promised to them that he would provide them with a consistent profit in return. When he was caught, he was accused of eleven fraud cases and several money laundering cases, theft and perjury (Sander, 2013). The ethical issues of the decision-maker, in this case, are related to the violation of Deontology. The chief manager, Madoff of this company violated the basic ethical rules in business. He profited from the benefit plans of the employees of the company (Reuters.com, 2018). The act of gaining benefits from the employees plan has made him as an unethical leader in the company (Theguardian.com, 2018). He has not only violated the ethics of Deontology, rather he has violated Utilitarianism, Care Ethics, Virtue Ethics and even the egoism. Critics could find similarities of his action with the egoism ethical theory, however, in the egoism theory; there is no mention of gaining personal profits by the unethical means. Apart from Deontology, he also violated ethical issues such as Utilitarianism, Egoism, care ethics and virtue ethics. He did not think about his employees in his firm. He used his employees as only the means of production. He even benefitted from his employee's schemes without knowing them. He violated Utilitarianism ethics. He did not think about the benefits or well-being of his employees. He only focused on his own benefits using the unethical means (Economist.com, 2018). He even violated the egoism ethical theory, as he was too self-centred; however, he gained his profit for creating harms to the other people. He used many unethical means. He violated care ethics and virtue ethics too. In care ethics, it is said that the decision-maker should be caring for the vulnerable groups like workers. On the other hand, the decision maker, Madoff was not at all caring towards the workers of his company. He exploited his workers (Wsj.com, 2018). He never thinks about benefits of his workers. Even the investors, from whom Madoff took the money, was being exploited by the decision-maker, Madoff. Madoff said one type of schemes to his investors, on the other hand, he was pocketing a large amount of money for himself from these investors money by falsifying those investors. Madoff has violated even Virtue Ethics. In the Virtue Ethics, it is said that individual is the construct of the society. Applying the theory, Madoff is the construct of the society and societal values. However, it is most unimportant to say and analyze the social context of the Madoff. His guilt cannot be justified by his societal construction. Whatever, his society may be, he has done unethical deeds and for this, has to face some legislative actions. He was not transparent and unethical. Madoffs case has become one of the invaluable lessons to the students, entrepreneurs, investors and businesspersons regarding the corporate ethics, governance, social responsibility and organizational behaviour (Nytimes.com, 2018). His action was never driven by honesty, courage, justice or temperance. However, at times he showed honesty before his family members when he was already caught by the police for his fraudulent activities. In the light of virtue ethics, Madoff was the failure. At the en d, in the conflict of common or greater good, crude individualism sustained in Madoffs case. Conclusion It can be concluded by stating that details of ethical theories had been discussed in the paper. The report also analyzed the ethical theories and its application in decision-making in the workplace. The five broad theories of ethics are discussed in details. The decision-makers sometimes follow only one particular theory and reject the others. On the other hand, sometimes, they follow two or three theories at the same time, depending on the situation of the workplace and the necessity of an ethical action. The ethical theories that have been discussed in the paper include Deontology, Utilitarianism, Egoism, care Ethics and Virtue Ethics. Any leader follows these ethical theories would be affected by his decisions and actions. On the other hand, the decisions of an ethical leader would directly influence the business operation of the firm. The success of the business operation of any firm would be determined by the ethical actions of the moral agent. When a leader follows the ethical action, he becomes the moral agent of that particular organization. The moral agent needs to be strictly ethical and the ethical action would be initiated by him. The leaders who had already violated the governance ethics and corporate laws have been described in the essay by a detailed description. They did unethical acts and for this, they are caught by the legislation. They could be the examples of unethical actions and future generation could learn from their actions. They could be an example to the future generation in negative ways for not following the ethical rules of the corporate governance and the theories of the ethics. References Albee, E. (2014).A history of Utilitarianism(Vol. 1). Routledge. Audi, R. (2012). Virtue ethics as a resource in business.Business Ethics Quarterly,22(2), 273-291. Bowie, N. E. (2017).Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Cambridge University Press. Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Cline, A. (2014). Deontology and Ethics: What is Deontology.Deontological Ethics. Craft, J. L. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011.Journal of Business Ethics,117(2), 221-259. Cronje, C. (2014). Corporate accounting scandals: reconnaissance.Word and Action= Woord en Daad,53(423), 15-17. Dionne Searcey, S. (2018). Ebbers Is Sentenced to 25 Years For $11 Billion WorldCom Fraud. WSJ. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112126001526184427 Economist.com. (2018). Con of the century. The Economist. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.economist.com/node/12818310 Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Forbes.com. (2018). Forbes Welcome. Forbes.com. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/2002/06/26/0626topnewsrefURL=https://www.google.co.in/referrer=https://www.google.co.in/ Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C. (2014).Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M., Dunn, C. P. (2014). Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), 77-90. Moepya, S. O., Akhoury, S. S., Nelwamondo, F. V., Twala, B. (2015). Measuring the Impact of Imputation in Financial Fraud. InComputational Collective Intelligence(pp. 533-543). Springer, Cham. Nytimes.com. (2018). Bernard L. Madoff. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/bernard-l-madoff Rachels, J. (2012). Ethical egoism.Ethical Theory: An Anthology,14, 193. Ragothaman, S. C. (2013). The Madoff debacle: What are the lessons?.Issues in Accounting Education,29(1), 271-285. Reuters.com. (2018). Bernard Madoff arrested over alleged $50 billion fraud. U.S.. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-madoff-arrest/bernard-madoff-arrested-over-alleged-50-billion-fraud-idUSTRE4BA7IK20081212 Russell, D. C. (Ed.). (2013).The Cambridge companion to virtue ethics. Cambridge University Press. Sander, P. J. (2013).Madoff: Corruption, Deceit, and the Making of the World's Most Notorious Ponzi Scheme. Lyons Press. Shafer-Landau, R. (Ed.). (2012).Ethical theory: an anthology(Vol. 13). John Wiley Sons. Stolowy, H., Messner, M., Jeanjean, T., Richard Baker, C. (2014). The construction of a trustworthy investment opportunity: Insights from the Madoff fraud.Contemporary Accounting Research,31(2), 354-397. Theguardian.com. (2018). Bernard Madoff | Business | The Guardian. the Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/bernard-madoff Tran, M. (2018). WorldCom accounting scandal. the Guardian. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2002/aug/09/corporatefraud.worldcom2 Waller, B. N. (2013).Consider Ethics: Pearson New International Edition: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. Pearson Higher Ed. Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited. Wsj.com. (2018). Madoff News - Bernard (Bernie) Madoff - Wsj.com. Wsj.com. Retrieved 4 January 2018, from https://www.wsj.com/public/page/bernard-madoff.html Yallapragada, R. R., Roe, C. W., Toma, A. G. (2012). Accounting fraud, and white-collar crimes in the United States.Journal of Business Case Studies (Online),8(2), 187.

Rappelling and ascending Essay Example For Students

Rappelling and ascending Essay Ascending, descending and rope rescue are very exhilarating sources of entertainment and rescue while at the same time extremely complicated. This brief history of the long and ever adapting history of rope climbing and rescue is very interesting. The following article will provide information on how and why people do this on their free time for entertainment purposes. There are many types of tools and equipment used in rope rescue for all of its demanding tasks. Many knots are developed and used for safety purposes. Many skills are needed to be a good climber. Safety is always the primary concern of a climber or rescuer. Rope rescue is a major area in todays rescue world. Yesterdays hemp rope has evolved into a vigorous sport for some and a dangerous career for others. The history of rope can be traced back to as early as prehistory. ?Rope, a flexible line made of fibers or wires twisted or braided together for tensile strength.? At first rope was twisted by hand. The Egyptians used tools to make rope from papyrus and leather, but hemp was the standard for rope until the 19TH century when Manila hemp replaced it. It was not until the 1950s when synthetic rope was introduced. There is an enormous difference between natural and synthetic ropes. There are a few different types of climbing such as alpine climbing, ice climbing and rock climbing. Throughout the world there are men and women who travel to exotic mountains for one purpose only, to reach the summit. For as long as time can tell, people have had an unquenchable thirst for thrill and excitement. I think other sports would struggle to compete with the exhilaration and danger of rappelling and ascending. Many people have made the ultimate sacrifice to explore their dreams on some of the most extravagant mountains here on Earth. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth and the ultimate mountain for thrill seekers. Rope rescue has so many various tasks, which need specialized tools and equipment. The climber must first understand the nature of the climb to accurately bring the right tools and none of the wrong ones, since extra weight is anything but a luxury in this business. The figure eight is a non-moving piece of great importance for ascending. It allows for a slow controlled descent by using the ropes own forces and pressures to give the user the ability o f a full range of speeds from a complete stop to free fall. This is a very fun and useful device. The carabineer is a major structure to someone on rope. It is a metal piece that connects hardware together. It a carabineer breaks, the person falls. Have you ever heard ?a chain is only as strong as its weakest link A harness is best described as a pair of shorts constructed of nylon that fits around the person to support him and connect him to the equipment. There are three classes of harnesses, each having separate ranges of motion allowed. They are also extremely uncomfortable. Rope is an obvious must for rope climbing. There are numerous types of ropes that are predetermined by the nature of the use. Some ropes bounce and some are water repellent for rescue situations such as floods. Ascending requires an ascender. Most preferred is a mechanical ascender, which allows the climber to simply stand up on his prussic and slide the ascender up. The ascender then locks into place allowi ng the climber to sit down and move his prussic up. Repeating this situation results in vertical movement. Knots are almost as vast as grains of sand on the beach; some are just more useful than other. Knots are in a few different categories. They are made of many materials and are used to hoist, anchor, attach, pull, stop and many other things. One such category is hitches, which should never be tied around a patient or anything vulnerable to pressure due to the fact that hitches get tighter more pressure is applied. A butterfly knot is mainly used to carry tools. It is also easy to remember due to its descriptive name. A prussic knot is used to grip rope for the climber to stand on as he moves the ascender, however the prussic must be smaller than the rope in which it is clinging to. If the prussic is thicker than the mother rope than it is a physical impossibility for it to grip. The Webbing is a type of rope (usually colorful) mainly used for safety harnesses and or to attach th e carabineer to the ascender. To be a successful climber a person needs a healthy mind and body. To be a climber you must overcome certain fears. One fear is ?over the top!? This is the natural feeling that must be ignored while the person steps backwards over a ledge into thin air while feeling no support from the rope. However, the more times you accomplish this the easier it becomes. I think a person would have to be legally insane not to feel this fear for at least the first time. Climbers must be in good physical condition to maneuver in some awkward positions. In some instances, with the aid of experience, some obstacles can be overcome by knowledge of different tactics. Fellow climbers must be able to react fast to belay a falling friend. Climbers must have a vast knowledge of knots, mechanical advantage and mechanical devices unless they want to literally hang around for a while in the middle of nowhere. Since the nature of this sport is a dangerous one, safety is always the primary concern. While gravity is still tickling their feet and there is nothing to stop them but the ground one hundred feet below the last thing they want to do is fall. Rope should be inspected or replaced at least once a year. Personally, I would replace it every year. A safety harness should always be worn with someone at constant attention on ballet. You should never distract someone who is on ballet. And if it is done I am sure the climber will take it personally. Hitches should never be placed around yourself or a patient. Always double lock before tying off, working or maneuvering. BE Company EssayRope rescue is now used in almost every scenario of todays rescue world. Rescuers find themselves in the most gruesome and wretched places. Accidents and disasters do not care where they take place. A rescuer must be prepared for any and all types of environments and conditions. It is a very difficult task From hemp rope to synthetic, this is how rescuers and sportsman have used this innovative tool. This is how the mechanics of rope allow for daredevils and rescuers to challenge the laws of gravity. As long as people have a passion for heights and people get caught up in dangerous situations we will have rock climbing and rope rescue. Does this interest you?BibliographyBIBLOGRAPHYInstructor Michael James Dortenzo?Mountaineering.? Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 2000. 1993-1999. Padgett, Allen and Bruce Smith. On Rope. Cave Ave. Huntsville, AL: National Speleological Society, 1987. ?Rock-N-Rescue.? Http.//www.RockNRescue.com (7 Dec. 2000). Reinhard, Johan. ?Sacred Peaks of the Andes.? National Geographic Mar. 1992: 84-111?Rescue Source.? 7 April 1999: 1-61Rescue Technician. 11830 Westline Induustial Dr. St. Louis, MO 63146: Mosby, 1998.

Google Case Essay Example

Google Case Essay What were the key factors behind Googles early success? Thanks to the Corporate Values, Google became a very successful company In the world. Googles integrally In providing search result helps Google to succeed. There is great potential revenue can be generated from their search service. However Google corporate value Dont be evil refuses to compromise the integrity of search results. The quality search result is important to secure users usability of search engine and the confidence in Google. Googles emphasis on technologies helps Google to excel its competitors. Google lives Technology matters and invested heavily In the infrastructure that supported lightning-fast returns on search queries. Providing accurate results wealth a shorter time Is the primary task of a search engine and It Is not an easy task. Google did well in this and it becomes one of the key competitive advantages of Google products. Google s diverse businesses contribute to its success significantly. Since its PIP, Google had launched a flurry of products that expanded its domain beyond web search. After 2000, the IT market is growing at a very fast speed and lots of Leeds are untouched. We will write a custom essay sample on Google Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Google Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Google Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Google provide its products to an Immature market so that It can capture a large market share, With Its strength In technologies, Google can ensure the quality of product and service to keep its competitiveness in the various markets. Google is innovative and adopted unconventional approaches for managing innovation. Some innovative products may require longer development time. Google is willing to invest in promising long shots and Google believe they can be high- reward projects. Do you expect the search business to become more concentrated? Is search a winner-take-all business? Most of revenue is generated with Googles search business and related products. Lots of its products like Google Decadence and Google Analytics relies on the search business. So focusing on search business seems critical to Google future and I expect the search business to become more concentrated. In the next few years, people will be overwhelmed by Information on the Internet and people will Increase their reliance on search engine to provide them desirable results. Google Is the leading search engine provider and dominates the market. Google can potentially gain more revenue if it is the single player in the market. In addition, Google is experienced in providing search service and concentrate on providing search service is less risky than expanding to other market. The network effect can be applied here as well. With the focusing on search service, Google can gain more users and cumulate more knowledge about user preference and searching behaviors. With the knowledge, Google can enhance Its search service and acquire more users. The search service has great potential to become winner-take-all business. Facts about market share of search service providers tell winner-take-all business is possible. Google shares the great market in the world. Being and Yahoo share a very insignificant market in the world. We may pick another example like China; Baud Is the largest player in the searching service market without the participation of Google. Providing quality-searching service has high entry barrier boundaries, so that it can serve every segment of market. There is no significant UN- tap market for other search engine providers to enter. In addition, the network effect n search market is quite strong, when more users user the service, the search providers are able to gather more information and provide better search results. In addition to enhancing its core search business, should Google also branch out into new arenas? Which of the following would you recommend: 1) Building a full-fledged portal like Yahoo! s; Not recommended. Although there is demand for full-fledged portal like Yahoo! , the demand is not increasing significantly. There are already 2 big players in the portal business, namely Yahoo! And MANS. Due to high market commonality and high sources similarities, Google should not compete head to head with them. ) Targeting Microsofts desktop software hegemony; and/or Recommended. With the extensions functionalities of Google Chrome, Google stepped into desktop software industry already. With the help of notification center of ass and windows system, various Google products can bring similar experience via Google Chrome. In addition, there is some UN-tapped market. Google can extent search service to desktop search, migrate the online Google Doc to desktop, provide support to development of open resource initiatives like open office and provide interfaces compatible with Linux users. ) Becoming an e-commerce intermediary like eBay? Not recommended. EBay and Amazon are two big players in the market. The rivalry is already quite intensive. Becoming another big player in the market not only requires Google to deal with products suppliers but also the delivery service. Both of them are labor-intensive tasks and Google has litter experience with it. There are other specialized new entrants entering the market to gain the market niche and customers have high bargaining power due to information transparency. So the industry is not very attracting. Do you view Googles distinctive governance structure, corporate culture, and organizational processes as strengths or potential limitations? Googles distinctive governance structure, corporate culture and organizational processes are a great strength of the company. Google is attracting the best talents from all over the world. These talents look forwards to Join Google because of the flat governance structure and corporate culture. Their potentials can be best explored at Google. Googles corporate structure encourages creativity among heir staff, which leads to employee satisfaction and a low employee turnover rate. Googles organizational processes ensure sufficient freedom to its employees to test new technologies, new business models, new products, new ideas etc. This is very essential for company to put innovation into actions. In addition, the Company is administered by the expounders and the Chief Executive Officer. Both of them are concerning the long-term growth of Google instead of short-term gain. This facilitates the restoration of confidence of its investors and clients.

Definition and Examples of Text Messaging

Definition and Examples of Text Messaging Texting is the process of sending and receiving brief written messages using a cellular (mobile) phone. Also called text messaging, mobile messaging, short mail, point-to-point short-message service, and Short Message Service (SMS). â€Å"Texting isn’t written language,†says linguist John McWhorter. It much more closely resembles the kind of language we’ve had for so many more years: spoken language (quoted by Michael C. Copeland in Wired, March 1, 2013).According to Heather Kelly of CNN, Six billion text messages are sent every day in the United States, ... and over 2.2 trillion are sent a year. Globally, 8.6 trillion text messages are sent each year, according to Portio Research. Example: When Birdy texted again, I was only a mile from Glades City, and the junkyard owned by Harris Spooner, so I was feeling tense and alone on this dark country road, until I read her message:On way home, no luck. Will call when reception better. Sorry!!! ☠ºI felt like saying Yippee! a word Ive never used, and my spirits, which had been low, rebounded. ... So I left a message, then replied to her text: Am near Glade City exit, how about glass of wine? Where U? As I hit Send, I noticed car lights behind me and was relieved when I saw that it was an eighteen-wheeler.(Randy Wayne White, Deceived. Penguin, 2013) Myths About Texting All the popular beliefs about texting are wrong, or at least debatable. Its graphic distinctiveness is not a totally new phenomenon. Nor is its use restricted to the young generation. There is increasing evidence that it helps rather than hinders literacy. And only a very tiny part of the language uses its distinctive orthography.   (David Crystal, Txtng: the Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press, 2008) Texting and Instant Messaging [A]bbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons are less prevalent in American college student IM [Instant Messaging] conversations than suggested by the popular press. To move beyond media hyperbole regarding text messaging, we need corpus-based analyses of texting.Judging from our sample, American college-student text messaging and IM differed in several interesting ways. Text messages were consistently longer and contained more sentences, probably resulting from both cost factors and the tendency for IM conversations to be chunked into sequences of short messages. Text messages contained many more abbreviations than IMs, but even the number in texting was small.   (Naomi Baron, Always On: Language in an Online and Mobile World. Oxford University Press, 2008) A Good Text A good text, a well-timed text, a text that expresses some bullet of revelation, some reminder of love, some thoughtful association or ball-busting paraphrase of what we agree on reconnects us when that is all we ever wantedconnectionin the midst of the chattering, indifferent cloud of humanity.(Tom Chiarella, Rule No. 991: It Is Entirely Possible to Write a Good Text Message. Esquire, May 2015)   Teenagers and Texting In the United States, 75% of teenagers text, sending an average of 60 texts a day. According to Pew Internet research, texting is teens most common form of communication, beating out phone conversations, social networks, and old-fashioned face-to-face conversations.   (Heather Kelly, OMG, the Text Message Turns 20. But Has SMS Peaked? CNN, December 3, 2012) For teenagers now, . . . texting has been largely superseded by instant messagingas Stephanie Lipman, a 17-year-old Londoner, explains. I did text for a while, but instant messaging is so much better like a constant stream-of-consciousness. You dont have to bother with Hello. How are you? or any of that. You just have this series of conversations with your friends which you can add on to when youre in the mood.   (James Delingpole, Texting Is So Last Year. Daily Telegraph, Jan. 17, 2010) [F]or young people, blogs are work, not play. A 2008 Pew research project found that while 85% of 12 to 17-year-olds engaged in electronic personal communication (including texting, email, instant messaging and commenting on social media), 60% didn’t consider these texts to be writing. Another study in 2013 revealed that teenagers still distinguish between the proper writing they do for school (which may be on blogs) and their informal, social communication.(Mel Campbell, Should We Mourn the End of Blogs? The Guardian, July 17, 2014) Textspeak in the 19th Century This S A, until U I CI pray U 2 X QsAnd do not burn in F E GMy young and wayward muse.Now fare U well, dear K T J,I trust that U R trueWhen this U C, then you can say,A S A I O U.(Final verses of Essay to Miss Catharine Jay in Gleanings From the Harvest-Fields of Literature, Science and Art: A Melange of Excerpta, Curious, Humorous, and Instructive, 2nd ed., collated by Charles Carroll Bombaugh. Baltimore: T. Newton Kurtz, 1860) Predictive Texting Predictive texting is a  program in many cellular (mobile) phones that predicts a complete  word  after a user has typed in just one or two  letters. [Predictive texting] significantly reduces the number of key-presses, but there are costs alongside benefits. An early study (2002) reported that only just over half the participants who had  predictive messaging  actually used it. The others did not use it for a variety of reasons. Some said it slowed them down. Some missed the option to use  abbreviations  (though one can code them in). Some said their system did not offer the right words and found the task of adding new words slow and annoying. (David Crystal,  Txtng: the Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press, 2008)[W]hile Predictive texting  might be good for the nations  spelling, it is not always easily understood. Try typing he if is cycle, hell in to get his awake and come go to red of and see what happens when the right combination of buttons throws up the wrong words. . . . Researchers might find an intriguing answer for why a kiss often turns out to be on the lips. Are chefs aged? Is it boring to be coping? Is art apt? Is it always good to be home in the hood? Or has everyone gone? And if you try and do something asap why does it often turn out crap?  (I. Hollinghead, Whatever Happened to txt lngwj:)?  The Guardian, Jan. 7, 2006) -  Concern about the widespread infiltration of text messaging conventions into  written English  may ... be misplaced, as predictive texting becomes more common and sophisticated. ... While it seems certain that our accepted notions of standards in  language  will be influenced by electronic forms of  communication, it is very hard to predict in any detail and with any certainty what this impact might be. (A. Hewings and M. Hewings,  Grammar and Context. Routledge, 2005) Alternate Spellings: txting

Critical Success Contextual Factors among SMEs in Saudi Arabia Essay

Critical Success Contextual Factors among SMEs in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The intention of this study is Saudi Arabia, one of the richest Arab countries. Albeit geographically small compared to Russia and the United States, the country easily bested the two cold war super powers in terms of oil production with an estimated 10.5 billion barrels per day (bbl) for 2010 estimates. Oil is a very important commodity for the global market and it is very critical to move the economy of essentially all countries. Yet, despite this seemingly huge advantage, the country pales is not among the leading economies of the world. This is mainly due to the fact that aside from its huge oil deposits, the country is void of other natural resources. Still, among its peers in the Arab world, Saudi Arabia is among the richest nations. The country is a sprawling land of about 2.15 million square kilometres hosting about 25.7 million inhabitants. It is a Muslim country and monarchy is its form of government. Interestingly though, among the population of the country, about 7 millio n are foreigners working in the country. However, aside from the oil companies, major companies hold the bulk of businesses in the country. Recently though, Saudi entrepreneurs are picking up the pace and are steadily becoming a force for economic growth for the country. This is very important because for so long now, the country’s economy has greatly relied on oil revenues which, being a natural resource, is strongly influenced by the government despite the existence of foreign business partners. 1.1.1 SMEs in Saudi Arabia It is important though that these SMEs step up in Saudi Arabia. It is noteworthy to recognize the strong growth of these different entrepreneurs which now accounts to about 93% of the total enterprises in the country. It is lamentable though that despite of this, the sector’s contribution to job generation is a mere 24.7 percent. Although these are small and medium scale enterprises employing only a handful of employees (59 and below for small while 60 to 99 for medium), it is important for the country to be able to get more out of these budding entrepreneurs in order to give more jobs to the Saudis (info provided